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Item Impactful Leadership That Drives Organization Success.(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2025-12) Julius OtundoThe success of any organization depends on leadership. Gone are the days when managerial tasks were enough to ensure that an organization thrives. Today, modern businesses and organizations are constantly affected by globalization, technological disruption, and evolving socio-economic landscapes. Therefore, impactful leaders are in a position of coming up with strategic structures that help in addressing such challenges while ensuring that organizations are fulfilling their missions. Based on this argument, this study aims to analyze the various structures that are employed by different organization to ensure their success. This paper examines how transformative leaders drive organizational success by integrating traditional leadership principles such as accountability, vision, ethical governance, and strategic planning with contemporary values like innovation, digital transformation, inclusivity, and sustainability. Through systematic literature review and case study analysis, this research investigates diverse organizations and nations demonstrating impactful leadership. They include, Safaricom, Naivas Supermarket, The Aga Khan Development Network, China, Dubai and Singapore. The findings reveal that structures such as strategic vision and adaptive planning, innovation as organizational DNA, governance structures and institutional integrity, stakeholder capitalism and social legitimacy, market positioning and competitive strategy, and talent development and organizational culture have resulted into the success of the organizations and nations that the study analyzed. This study concludes that each organization and nation has its own unique structure resulting into its success. Therefore, leadership is the most decisive factor in an organization as it determines whether it will thrive, stagnate or collapse.Item Reimagining Pedagogy for Digital Natives(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2025-10) Julius OtundoThe rapid evolution of digital technologies such as generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), Internet of Things (IOT), and the use of robotics has transformed various sectors globally. For instance, the integration of GenAI in the education sector has led to the emergence of a new generation of learners, termed digital natives, who think, communicate, and process information differently from previous cohorts. Based on these arguments, this paper explores the urgent need to reimagine pedagogy by blending innovation with educational traditions to effectively engage and empower digital natives. It argues that while traditional pedagogical principles such as critical thinking, deep reading, and reflective learning remain essential, they must be dynamically integrated with innovative methods such as gamification, blended learning, flipped classrooms, and artificial intelligence-powered personalization. Drawing on contemporary research, case studies, and classroom experiences, the paper highlights how a hybrid pedagogical model can foster deeper learning, creativity, collaboration, and lifelong skills. Through case studies and current research, the paper demonstrates that reimagined pedagogies not only align with the cognitive and behavioral patterns of digital natives but also promote lifelong learning, digital literacy, and global citizenship. Ultimately, the study affirms that the goal is not to discard tradition, but to infuse it with new approaches that reflect the realities of contemporary learners and the demands of an increasingly complex digital world. The study concludes that reimagining pedagogy is not about replacing the old with the new but about harmonizing the best of both worlds to create relevant, inclusive, and future-ready education systems for the digital age.Item Navigating the Implications of Generative AI in Education, Learning, and Assessment.(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2025-10) Julius OtundoTechnological advancements have helped in the rise of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI), which incorporates tools such as Gemini, ChatGPT, Midjourney, and Claude. The rapid integration of GenAI in the education sector is alarming, as teaching methodologies, learning processes, and assessment strategies have been affected. Such effects result from its ability to generate personalized learning materials while offering immediate feedback. As a result, in collaboration with students, education stakeholders have utilized these capabilities to set rules on their utilization in the classroom. Despite having the capabilities to facilitate personalized learning experiences, provide immediate feedback, and automate administrative tasks, it has several challenges. Key concerns include increased cases of plagiarism, as many students are submitting assignments and projects generated from AI. In addition, the ethical implications of AI usage, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and equitable access, have increased. This research adopted a literature review as the methodology. More than fifteen research papers were analyzed to identify various methods that can be used to navigate GenAI implications. Through a systematic review of the past literature, this research identified four strategies to help navigate these implications. These solutions are redesigning the assessment criteria, using an AI assessment scale (AIAS), addressing ethical implications, using micro-credentials, incorporating capstone projects and investing in ongoing research and collaboration. Based on these methods of navigating implications caused by GenAI, the study discusses how these methods will help preserve academic standards. The paper further discusses the need for collaboration among educators, technologists, and policymakers in developing the best practices that harness the advantages of GenAI while mitigating its risks.Item Playing The Politics of Public Relations in African Governance(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2026-10) Julius OtundoIn the 21st century, public relations (PR) has become a central tool in African politics. Politicians employ it to disseminate information and strategically shape public perception through promises, reforms, and policy agendas that are rarely fulfilled. Guided by the agenda-setting theory, this study examines the various PR strategies that politicians employ during election campaigns and governance. Since many African countries, such as Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and South Africa, are developing nations, they face persistent challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and inadequate infrastructure. These conditions fuel the public to demand change. The urge to bring developments that meet citizens' basic needs creates an opportunity for politicians to project visionary yet unrealistic pledges. Such promises include free education, universal healthcare, increased employment opportunities, and access to clean water. Using a combination of content analysis of social media communications, press briefings, campaign materials, media interviews, and political speeches alongside a comparative review of promised versus delivered policies, this research identifies a governance gap between political rhetoric and actual policy outcomes. Findings reveal frequent deployment of public relations tactics such as expansive manifesto packaging, blame deflection, selective data presentation, use of political allies, empathic gestures, tactical retreats, strategic media management, and tokenism. They further indicate that PR tactics are often tailored to demographic sensitivities. For instance, youth are targeted through digital platforms, rural populations through community rallies, and urban professionals through policy forums and televised debates. In addition, incorporating a comparison between African countries and developed nations helps in drawing the line between the use of PR and facts in governance. The paper further recommends the establishment of collaborative oversight mechanisms involving civil society, human rights bodies, and accountability institutions to assess both the credibility of political promises and the PR strategies used to sustain public trust. This will help not only in strengthening democratic accountability but also in fostering informed citizen engagement in the political landscape.Item A Review of Two-Thirds Gender Rule in Kenya: Case of Women Representation(International Journal of Political Science and Governance, 2025-10-27) Charity W Njimu; Shem O SamBackground: Gender disparity has been a developmental global concern and a crippling phenomenon in realization of full potential of Kenya as a country. Women’s condition is characterized by time poverty, petty trade, low education attainment, undesired health outcomes, little to no inclusion in pertinent decision-making processes. In Kenya, the situation is perceived to be improving courtesy of progressive promulgated constitution. This paper seeks to explore progress towards gender inclusivity through the lens of political representation. Objective: To review the progress towards realization of two-thirds gender rule in Kenya and predict its possible realization. Method: The study reviews data contained in statutory state and nonstate documents including international convention reports. Quantitative data is mined from parliamentary Hansard covering 1st -13th August Houses. Descriptive and time series ARIMA model analysis is done to forecast future projections of political representation and achievement of the two-thirds gender rule. Qualitative analysis is equally conducted to capture interests that would not be obtained otherwise. Results are interpreted and discussed. Results: The analysis revealed that the beginning of multiparty democracy in 1992 resulting in 7th parliament; and Agenda Four Reforms preceding 11th parliament, particularly new constitutional dispensation, bolstered female representation. Presently, the 13th Parliament has 267 and 82 males and female representatives, respectively. The gap between both genders is 185, translating to 23.5% for women. However, the two-third gender rule implies that the gap should not be more than 117, a deficit of 35 seats presently. The ARIMA model forecast shows the likelihood of two-thirds gender rule being achieved and surpassed after 2047. Conclusion: With continued progressive reforms and pertinent legislation, proper enforcement of Agenda Four reforms, the analysis predicts that two-thirds gender rule achievement in the foreseeable future.Item COP28 Progress or Regression? An Empirical and Historical Comparative Analysis of COP Summits(Published by Uskudar University (Istanbul, Turkey) in partnership with the UN-accredited Caribbean ASEAN Council (Roseau, Commonwealth of Dominica), 2023-08) Ibrahim Ozdemir, Dato Sadja Matthew Pajares Yngson, Dayo Israel, Julius Otundo, Nathalie Beasnael, Abdoulie Ceesay and Ashfaq ZamanThis report is a joint publication of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at Uskudar University (Istanbul, Turkey) and the Caribbean ASEAN Council (Rosea, Commonwealth of Dominica), with contributors from Turkey, the Commonwealth of Dominica, Nigeria, Kenya, Chad, the Gambia and Bangladesh. Üsküdar University was founded in 2011 by the Human Values and Mental Health Foundation, a leading nongovernmental charitable organization. It is Turkey’s first thematic university focused on behavioral sciences and health. Its purpose is to apply scientific, contemporary, and critical perspectives to national and international studies based on human and ethical values. The Caribbean ASEAN Council is an NGO registered with the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs and administered by the Eastern Caribbean-Southeast Asia Economic and Cultural Chamber (EC-SEA Chamber). The latter is recognised by the United Nations as part of the SIDS Global Business Network under the United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UN-OHRLLS) It is also an official participant to the UN Global Compact and an Associate Member of the Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with the UN.Item COVID-19 Knowledge Management on SMES Survival(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2023-04) Julius OtundoThe novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has adversely affected the global community and like most countries, Kenya has not been spared, Kenya’s international trade performance, its financial and commodity markets, and the entire macroeconomic environment have all been affected (Gui2de EA., 2019).SMEs have been vulnerable to the effects of the covid-19 pandemic as seen in the report by the International Trade Centre, (2020) it was uncovered that two-thirds of these SMEs have had their operations strongly impacted by the pandemic with two-thirds of all businesses claiming that same in Africa. Moreover, informal businesses are at a higher risk of closing down and are more susceptible to the effects of the pandemic due to their reduced ability to access financing. SMEs in Kenya have been facing unprecedented income losses and uncertainties about their future because of business disruptions due to the outbreak of COVID-19. Most SMEs do not have financial reserves to meet expenses during emergencies. SMEs need Knowledge management support to access and adopt digital technologies as well as respond to the current pandemic situation and for long-term transformation (Diana, S. et al., 2020). To increase their understanding of consumer needs, the business environment, and the actions of their rivals, SMEs must engage in knowledge acquisition, which is the process of gathering information from a variety of sources (Koohang, et al., 2017). Knowledge management, a process of acquiring, converting, applying, and protecting knowledge assets, is crucial for value creation. The purpose of this paper is to integrate these Knowledge management processes (knowledge acquisition, knowledge conversion, knowledge application, and knowledge protection), into the SMEs to help them adapt and respond to the current pandemic. This paper seeks to discuss some knowledge management initiatives to help SMEs handle these critical issues of the COVID-19 pandemic that will help them to sustain livelihood in the pandemic and eventually encourage knowledge management initiatives such as avoiding misinformation, psych educational, and, developing competencies such as resilience, agility, and ambiguity tolerance in the SMEs that can work to tackle the pandemic crisis.Item Tacit Knowledge Sharing and Organizational Competitiveness in Kenya(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2023-04) Julius OtundoAccording to Choi &lee 2003, tacit knowledge is what is rooted in the mind and can be transferred in form of learning by doing and learning by watching. It can be completely tacit, semiconscious, or unconscious knowledge held in people’s heads and bodies (Leonard & Sensiper, 1998) Tacit knowledge can be classified into two dimensions: technical and cognitive (Pathirage et al., 2007). Technical encompasses information and expertise in relation to “know-how” while cognitive consists of mental models, beliefs, and values. Tacit knowing embodied in physical skills resides in the body’s muscles, nerves, and reflexes and is learned through practice. Tacit knowledge is also embodied in cognitive skills (Leonard & Sensiper, 1998). While explicit knowledge is easily exploitable, tacit knowledge is difficult to be extracted without the consent of the knowledge owner. Tacit knowledge is one of the strengths that an organization has that is more difficult to transfer or copy (Noteboom, 1993). In the resource-based theory, Hisrich et al. (2008) further highlight that in order for organizations to create unique resources which are rare, valuable, and non-immitigable; it has to exploit their internal knowledge. Many organizations in Kenya make use of intelligent solutions and business analytics to find new insights into their business processes and performance. Such insights are extracted through creativity and innovative methods to generate and gather large amounts of information about their clients, service providers, competitors, processes, procedures practices, and measures to produce substantial value. This has created a need for finding a suitable approach to tacit Knowledge sharing. This paper critically analyzes the deterrents of tacit knowledge sharing on Organization competitiveness. The study will also establish an understanding of how organizations can more easily share knowledge that will increase its performance, driven by an understanding of leveraging tacit knowledge.Item Tacit Knowledge Management in SMES in Kenya(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2023-04) Julius OtundoAccording to Michael Polyani (2002), a Hungarian-British polymath, Tacit knowledge is bi-structured with conscious and unconscious propositions. He emphasized that all employees needed a combination of theoretical and formal knowledge and experience, intuition, and spontaneous information. In SMEs, tacit knowledge is in the structure and relationship of people. This mixture allows them to know and act within the rules of the organization, and cope with changing conditions flexibly. Going by the established relationship between organizational competitive advantage and tacit knowledge, it is important to understand the tacit knowledge management strategies of the SME sector, which has been confirmed to be a major economic support for nations, irrespective of the development level. In developing countries such as Kenya, SMEs play a significant role in practically all economies, especially, with challenges relating to employment and income distribution (Ozkan et al., 2019, p. 1). In particular, the ability of SMEs in Kenya to compete is crucial to their economic success. Managing tacit knowledge will reduce the negative consequences of losing employees, preserve organizational memory, ensure continuity of performance, and reduce organizational knowledge gaps. These will, in turn, aid organizational competitive advantage (Adesina, A. O & Ochola., 2020). With the above in mind, this paper discusses how SMEs in Kenya presently manage their tacit knowledge focusing on people and processes in order to develop a framework that will support tacit knowledge management. It looks deeper at SMEs as a key component of knowledge management and a matter of management philosophy about knowledge.Item Knowledge Transfer and Organizational Capabilities(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2023-04) Julius OtundoToday’s Economy is rapidly facing changes in globalization and Knowledge-based products and services. The survival and performance of an organization are influenced by its ability and speed in Developing knowledge-based competencies among the employees (Salina and Fadzilah,2008) According to Goh, SC. (2002), One of the major challenges an organization faces are managing its knowledge assets. Increasingly, knowledge transfer is seen as a basis for competitive advantage. Organizations always face issues with the kind of information, competencies, and expertise that are essential for it to take widespread advantage of available opportunities (Husnain et al., 2021). In addition to these competencies, an organization must possess unique features that competitors find difficult to imitate while operating in the same market and industry (Sousa and Rocha 2019; Sohail et al., 2020). This paper explores, in-depth, the role that key strategic organizational capabilities play in facilitating or preventing knowledge transfer. The paper converses knowledge transfer in an organizational context, then discusses significant organizational capabilities that trigger knowledge transfer and further discuss how these organizational capabilities influence the ability to transfer knowledge, an important area of knowledge management. Each of these key capabilities and their influence on Knowledge transfer is discussed separately and then integrated into a framework to explain how effective knowledge transfer can be managed in an organization with such capabilities. Conclusions are drawn about the complexity of knowledge transfer and the need to take a balanced approach to the process.Item Knowledge Management for Competitiveness and Organizational Performance(International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce, 2023-04) JULIUS OTUNDOKnowledge Management is crucial to the organization's survival and success in competitive global markets and has a strong potential for problem-solving, decision-making, organizational performance enhancements, and innovation. As Wiig (1996) observes knowledge management in organizations must be considered from three perspectives with different horizons and purposes; Business perspective, Management perspective, and Hands-on operational perspective. Therefore the definitions provided by most of the authors will fall under one or more perspectives provided by Wiig. According to Gregory (1996), knowledge management consists of activities focused on the organization gaining knowledge from its own experience and from the experience of others to fulfill the mission of the organization, which in turn underlines the business perspective of knowledge management. Beveren (2002) argues that the main focus for knowledge management should be on human intellectual capital and strategies for human resource management that encourage creativity and innovation within and between employees from a management perspective, In the context of an operational perspective, knowledge management is usually concerned with capturing an organization’s know-how and know-what through creation, collection, storage, distribution, and application (Miller, 1999). This paper looks at the relationship between knowledge management and organizational competitiveness and performance.Item Leveraging data-driven decision-making: A comprehensive analysis of business analytics and intelligence in modern enterprises.(Journal of Applied Information Science, 2025) 1. Makori, Dennis Ndubi.In today’s fast-paced and digitally driven economy, data has emerged as one of the most valuable assets for organizations. The integration of Business Analytics (BA) and Business Intelligence (BI) forms the foundation for data-driven decision-making, offering a significant competitive advantage. This paper explores how contemporary enterprises leverage BA and BI to optimize operations, enhance decision-making, and generate strategic value. Drawing upon leading methodologies such as CRISP-DM, as well as real-world applications across sectors including retail, healthcare, and financial services, this analysis presents a detailed understanding of the tools and frameworks that define Business Analytics and Intelligence (BAI). The paper further discusses critical challenges such as data quality, integration with legacy systems, skill gaps, and data privacy. Finally, the study outlines emerging trends including AI integration, self-service BI, cloud-based platforms, and real-time analytics that are shaping the future of BAI. The findings underscore the transformative potential of data-driven decision-making and offer insights into implementing effective BAI strategies that align with enterprise goals.Item Regulating Community Well-Being Through Traditional Mourning Rituals: Insights From The Luhya People of Kenya(Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health, 2025-01-08) Stephen Asatsa; Sheina Lew-Levy; Stephen Ngaari Mbugua; Maria Ntaragwe; Wilkister Shanyisa; Elizabeth Gichimu; Jane Nambiri; Jonathan OmuchesiBackground and objectives Rituals have been reported to serve as a vital mechanism for expressing grief and fostering communal support worldwide. Despite these benefits, use of rituals in Indigenous communities is threatened by missionization, globalization, and westernization. This study sought to examine the relevance of traditional mourning rituals in community morality and well-being. Anchored in cultural evolutionary theory, the study employed an ethnographic research design. Methodology Data were collected from 45 community elders, 30 bereaved adults, 30 bereaved adolescents, and 8 religious leaders through focus group discussions and interviews. Results The study established five mourning rituals practiced by the Luhya people, each potentially serving an evolutionary function for community survival and well-being. Our findings show that Luhya traditional mourning rituals play an important role in community well-being, though not all members may benefit equally from these effects. Conclusions and implications The study established conflict over rituals with differing viewpoints from religious leaders, cultural leaders, and the western biomedical approach to mental well-being. Yet, the bereaved reported that both Luhya and religious rituals helped them process their grief. To address mental health issues fully, it is important to establish collaboration between western models, religious approaches, and cultural approaches. Lay Summary Rituals are important practices that help people express their grief and provide support within communities around the world yet in most indigenous communities across the world, yet these rituals are being replaced by western biomedical approaches. This study focused on the significance of traditional mourning rituals among the Luhya people of Kenya and how these practices contribute to community morality and well-being. The study interviewed community elders, bereaved adults and adolescents, and religious leaders. The findings revealed that traditional rituals are crucial for the community's health, although not all members experience the same benefits. There were differing opinions about the rituals from religious leaders, cultural leaders, and those who follow western medical approaches to mental health. Despite these conflicts, many bereaved individuals reported that both Luhya and religious rituals helped them cope with their grief. To effectively address mental health issues, the study suggests a need for collaboration between western mental health models, religious practices, and cultural traditions. This approach could create a more comprehensive support system for those experiencing loss.Item Aspect of Desire in Enhancing Electronic Resource Utilization among Postgraduate Students at Universities in Meru County(International Journal of Professional Practice, 2024) Shindemburi,Mercy; Gichohi, Paul; Gatimu, WinfredThe global shift to virtual libraries and e-learning has significantly increased the use of electronic resources in university libraries, particularly for postgraduate students. Customizing these services can enhance the "Desire" component of the AIDA model, promoting availability, regular updates, perceived value, and convenience. However, empirical investigations reveal that e-resources are underutilized. This paper presents some of the results of a large study that looked at how adoption of the AIDA model can enhance utilization of e-resources among postgraduate students in universities in Meru County. It assessed the desire of postgraduate students for e-resources. It employed a mixed method approach with a descriptive survey research design. The target population comprised of departmental heads and post-graduate students. Purposive sampling technique was employed to obtain librarians, while stratified random sampling and simple random sampling method was used to select students. A sample size of 260 postgraduate students and 13 departmental heads was obtained. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides, with quality ensured through construct, content, and face validity checks; while reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha. Data was analyzed by computing mean, standard deviation, and correlation analysis to test relationship, while qualitative data was analyzed thematically. There was a positive correlation between postgraduate students' desire and e-resources utilization. However, in Meru County university libraries', desire is moderate. This can be enhanced by improving resource quality, staff communication, sensitization, user experiences, marketing strategies, and technological infrastructure. The study recommended university libraries to strengthen training programs, resource marketing, promoting e-resources' benefits, and integrating them into the curriculum to enhance postgraduate students desire for e-resources.Item How Public Library Information Resources Impact Maize Production in Laikipia East Sub-County, Kenya(Journal of Information and Technology, 2024) Maina, Susaide; Gichohi, Paul; Gatimu, WinfredPurpose: Kenya's economy is still based mostly on agriculture, with maize (Zea mays) being essential to rural populations' livelihoods and food security, especially in Laikipia East Sub-County. The problem was that maize farmers had a history of significant crop failure, as seen by the 12.8% drop in the total amount of maize harvested in 2023 over 2022. The goal of the current study is to ascertain how public libraries in Kenya's Laikipia East Sub County might improve maize production. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the Laikipia East Sub-County's public library information resources affect the methods used in maize growing. The research was guided by the Information-seeking Behavior Theory. Methodology: The survey method was utilized in this cross-sectional study. A population of 12,500 maize farmers from Laikipia East Sub-County was considered; where the simple random selection of 373 participants was taken as a sample for the study. A sample of 3 library staff was obtained from a population of 10 using a purposive sampling technique. Questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect the data. Mean and standard deviation were computed from data gathered through questionnaires, while, themes were identified from interview data. Results: The findings reveal that while public libraries in Laikipia East Sub-County provide resources for maize farming, many farmers view these resources as outdated or insufficient, pointing out need for updated agricultural information, better digital resources, targeted training programs, and increased awareness of available library services. Public libraries in Laikipia East Sub-County provide valuable resources for maize farming, but there's a gap between available information and farmers' needs. Conclusion: Libraries should update content, improve digital access, and tailor services to address farming challenges. The study recommends need for maize farmers to utilize digital resources from public libraries to enhance maize output and improve agricultural practicesItem Defect dependent memory switching in amorphous silicon alloys [a-Si xC1-x:H](Electronics Letters, 2002) Shannon, J. M.; Gateru, Robert; Gerstner, EdIt is shown that memory switching in amorphous silicon alloys is affected by ion bombardment. In particular, ion damage lowers the voltage required to form devices and switch them into the on-state. This technique enables optimised non-volatile memory devices to be made with improved switching ratios.Item Polarity-dependent forming in ion bombarded amorphous silicon memory devices(Journal of Applied Physics, 2005) Gateru, Robert; Orwa, J.O; Shannon, J. M.Polarity-dependent forming in ion bombarded metal±semiconductor±metal (MSM) memory devices of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is reported. It is shown that prior to ion bombardment, current transport in the MSM devices is asymmetric and is controlled by the Schottky barriers at two MS junctions. Upon bombardment, however, there is a bulk component to the current and the I±V characteristics of the devices become symmetric at low bias voltages. The forming voltage in the bombarded devices shows polarity dependence. For positive bias applied on the top contact, we ®nd that devices form at the same electric ®eld independent of the thickness of the amorphous silicon while for negative voltage on the top contact, the electric ®eld needed for forming increases with the thickness. A model involving the difference in energy deposition and heat sinking for the two polarities is proposedItem Effects of Credit Card Incentives on Consumer Borrowing In Kenya: A Case of Commercial Banks in Kenya(International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 2017) Mwende, Joyce; Wachira, David Muturi; Amata, Evans OmbimaFinancial institutions have mainly relied on incentive programs as their main strategic driver to increase electronic payments, such as through use of credit cards. Credit cards have been globally acclaimed for their benefits that range from their ability to ensure tax-compliance, security, instant cash and their ability to facilitate settlement of cross-border transactions. However, there exists a great challenge of credit card usage, such as ease of accumulation of debts and high interest charges. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of credit card incentives on consumer borrowing in Kenya. The study employed a descriptive study approach using a sample size of 18 commercial banks offering credit card services. Selfadministered questionnaires were used to collect information. Credit card incentives were found to be a major contributor to credit card uptake. The study also found that most banks used incentives such as rewards for repeated use, low interest rates, traveling awards and benefits to influence the spending behavior of their clients. The study found credit card also affected spending behavior. It is concluded that credit card incentives can be effectively used by banks to increase use of credit cards. It is recommended that financial institutions should educated their customers on how to use their credit cards so that they do not fall into a debt trap.Item Relationship Between Macro-economic Variable, Investor Herding Behavior and Stock Market Volatility in Kenya(International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2016) Amata, Evans Ombima; Muturi, Willy; Mbewa, MartinThis study sought to examine the relationship between interest rate, inflation, gross domestic product (GDP), foreign exchange, investor herding behaviour and stock market volatility. Published time series data from January 2001 to December 2014 was obtained from the Central Bank of Kenya, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, Capital Market Authority and the Nairobi Securities Exchange. Granger causality test was used to determine the short run causality while the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to test the long run causality between predictor variables and stock market volatility. Result from the regression model show a positive and significant relationship between inflation and stock market volatility both in the short run and long run. The study finds that an increase in inflation by 1% leads to an increase in stock market volatility by approximately 24%. Results also revealed that there is a negative and significant relationship between interest rate and stock market volatility both in the short run and long run. GDP, Foreign exchange and herding behaviour had no significant relationship with stock market volatility in KenyaItem The impact of corporate diversification on firm value in Kenya(African Journal of Business Mangement, 2017) Manyuru, Anthony; Wachira, David Muturi; Amata, Evans OmbimaThis study investigates the impact of corporate diversification on the value of firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE). Panel regression techniques were used as the estimation methods. The overall findings of the study where somewhat mixed. The study finds that industrial diversification reduces firm value, but geographical diversification does not have a significant impact on firm value. When examining each industry individually, the study established that industrial diversification enhanced firm value in the agricultural industry but did not significantly influence firm value in the other industries.